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w.gawronski@medicinasportiva.pl
e-ISSN 1734-2260 from 2005
ISSN 1429-0022 from 1997 till 2004
Indexed in: SportDiscus; EMBASE/Excerpta Medica; Index Copernicus
Medicina Sportiva 2006 vol. 10, Issue 1
Copyright ® 2006 Medicina Sportiva
Effects of physical activity and food intake on bone mineralisation in female ex-athletes
Barbara Długołęcka, Barbara Raczyńska, Grzegorz Raczyński
Read article »
Plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in regularly menstruating females with ovulatory and anovulatory menstrual cycles
Marzena Malara, Grażyna Lutosławska, Marlena Żołnowska, Ewa Byszewska-Szpocińska, Elżbieta Skierska, Anna Kęska
Read article »
Biological role of magnesium in health, disease and exercise
Marlena Żołnowska, Grażyna Lutosławska, Marzena Malara, Szymon Zuziak
Read article »
The effect of different exercise protocols on leptin levels and regional left ventricular diastolic heart function among professional swimmers – a comparison with untrained subjects: a Doppler tissue imaging study
Robert Skalik, Anna Janocha, Ludmiła Borodulin-Nadzieja, Anna Goździk, Rafał Poręba, Dariusz Biały, Arkadiusz Derkacz, Marta Obremska, Ireneusz Całkosiński
Read article »
Functional changes in the skin microcirculation in smoking and non-smoking sportsmen and sedentary controls measured by means of laser Doppler flowmetry
Renata Szyguła
Read article »
EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND FOOD INTAKE ON BONE MINERALISATION IN FEMALE EX-ATHLETES
Barbara Długołęcka, Barbara Raczyńska, Grzegorz Raczyński
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of physical activity and food intake on bone mineralisation, density and stiffness in female ex-athletes, as compared with women who never practised sports. The following questions were formulated: . Whether the presumably beneficial effect of high physical activity on bone mass (in the period of its peak level) can be sustained after the sport career has been terminated, and 2. Whether the present lifestyle of ex-athletes, i.e. their physical activity and food intake, may influence their bone density and strength.
Methods: A group of 43 female ex-athletes aged 6–34 years, who terminated their sport careers –5 years earlier, and 48 women in similar age, who never practised sports, participated in the study, the criteria of eligibility being were a good health status and normal ovarian function. The following measurements were carried out: body height and mass, relative fat content, bone mineralisation in the lumbar spine (L2 - L4) by densitometry, bone stiffness in the calcaneal bone by ultrasonography. All subjects were interviewed as to their past sport career, present physical activity and ovarian function in the past. The food intake was assessed using three 24-h recalls.
Conclusions: The following conclusions were drawn: . Bone density of the lumbar spine (L2 – L4) of ex-athletes was significantly higher than that of women never practising sports. 2. A higher bone mass of ex-athletes compared with untrained women was probably due to a more active lifestyle of the former, apart from their past sport engagement. 3. The present calcium intake by ex-athletes, most of whom followed the recommended values, seems to have contributed to bone mineralization. 4. The beneficial effect of a high physical activity on bone quality throughout the sport career in the past is likely to be maintained when the lifestyle is health-directed.
Key words: physical activity, food intake, bone mineralisation, women, female ex-athletes
Read article »
PLASMA LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS IN REGULARLY MENSTRUATING FEMALES WITH OVULATORY AND ANOVULATORY MENSTRUAL CYCLES
Marzena Malara, Grażyna Lutosławska, Marlena Żołnowska, Ewa Byszewska-Szpocińska, Elżbieta Skierska, Anna Kęska
Abstract
Introduction: Impaired ovarian hormone secretion affects plasma lipoprotein profile which in postmenopausal women is less favorable than in premenopausal ones. Similarly, in females engaged in vigorous physical activity with depressed ovary function such as oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea plasma lipoprotein profile is unfavorable in comparison with their regularly menstruating counterparts. However, data concerning plasma lipoprotein levels in females with subtle disturbances in ovarian hormone secretion resulting in anovulatory menstrual cycles are not available.
Aim of the study: The aim of the present study was the comparison of plasma lipoprotein, free fatty acid, and glycerol levels in regularly menstruating active females with ovulatory and anovulatory menstrual cycles. Additionally, we looked for associations between subjects’ hormonal status (plasma insulin, cortisol and testosterone levels) and plasma lipids and lipoproteins.
Methods: A total of 37 women participated in the study. On the basis of 3 months basal body temperature measurements and the determination of plasma levels of progesterone and 17β-estradiol they were classified as ovulating (n=21) or non-ovulating (n=16). Total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), triacylglycerols (TG), free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose were determined in fasting blood plasma using colorimetric methods and commercial kits (Randox Laboratories, UK). Insulin, cortisol and testosterone were measured by a standard radioimmunoassay and commercial kits (POLATOM, Poland).
Results: There were no between-group differences in plasma TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, glycerol, insulin, cortisol and testosterone levels. In non-ovulating women plasma FFA levels between days 5-8 and 19-22 of the menstrual cycle were significantly higher (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) than in ovulating counterparts. Elevated plasma FFA concentrations may be possibly recognized as a first sign of impaired lipid metabolism due to depressed ovary function.
Conclusion: Subtle disturbances in ovarian hormone secretion promote changes in plasma FFA levels, what has to be recognized as a first sign of impaired ovary function.
Key words: Lipids, lipoproteins, females, ovulation, anovulation
Read article »
BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF MAGNESIUM IN HEALTH, DISEASE AND EXERCISE
Marlena Żołnowska, Grażyna Lutosławska, Marzena Malara, Szymon Zuziak
Abstract
There is an enormous amount of data concerning the role of magnesium in health, disease and exercise capacity. More than 350 enzymes, in addition to those involved in metabolic cycles, appear to require and to be regulated by magnesium. Furthermore, magnesium affects many cellular functions, including transport of potassium and calcium ions, signal transduction, hormone secretion, energy metabolism and cell proliferation. However, the diagnosis of magnesium status is still under debate mostly due to the lack of functional biomarkers of body magnesium stores. It seems likely that magnesium deficiency contributes to the development of hypertension, type 2 diabetes and various cardiac diseases. At least in 20% of the population daily magnesium intake is suboptimal. Highly active subjects and especially elite sportsmen are at greater risk of magnesium deficiency due to ion losses in sweat and urine. Data concerning magnesium effects on exercise capacity are equivocal. A beneficial effect of magnesium supplementation on strength and endurance has been recognized in some studies. Concomitantly, the lack of effects of dietary magnesium intake on performance has also been demonstrated. However, assuming increased magnesium losses due to intensive physical activity, magnesium supplementation may be useful, at least in athletes with suboptimal magnesium intake. This is especially true for female athletes, who frequently do not consume adequate energy relatively to expenditure.
Key words: magnesium, muscle contraction, deficiency, health risk, exercise capacity
Read article »
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT EXERCISE PROTOCOLS ON LEPTIN LEVELS AND REGIONAL LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC HEART FUNCTION AMONG PROFESSIONAL SWIMMERS – A COMPARISON WITH UNTRAINED SUBJECTS: A DOPPLER TISSUE IMAGING STUDY
Robert Skalik, Anna Janocha, Ludmiła Borodulin-Nadzieja, Anna Goździk, Rafał Poręba, Dariusz Biały, Arkadiusz Derkacz, Marta Obremska, Ireneusz Całkosiński
Abstract
Background: It is assumed that leptin affects the circulatory system. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of chronic, dynamic and static physical effort on leptin levels and regional diastolic heart function as measured by Tissue Doppler Echocardiography in endurance athletes and healthy volunteers.
Material and Methods: A total of 120 persons participated in the study including 60 endurance athletes (professional swimmers) and 60 healthy volunteers with low physical activity. The blood concentration of leptin at rest was measured under fasting conditions in all the subjects. The leptin levels were also measured in 30 athletes and 30 volunteers immediately after dynamic and static exercises. Moreover, the echocardiographic interrogation of regional diastolic heart function was performed in 30 athletes and 30 healthy volunteers at rest and shortly after dynamic and static physical effort.
Results: The relationship between leptin levels and parameters of regional left ventricular function was not confirmed. A significant effect of acute and chronic physical effort on regional diastolic heart function was exhibited among professional swimmers.
Conclusions:1. A significant relationship between regular physical training and leptin levels was not confirmed among professional swimmers, however acute dynamic exercise had a significant impact on blood concentrations of leptin , 2. leptin does not exert an immediate and significant effect on regional left ventricular heart function among professional swimmers, 3. the period of training significantly correlates with changes in regional diastolic heart function among athletes.
Key words: physical exercise, leptin, diastolic heart function, Tissue Doppler Echocardiography, professional swimmers
Read article »
FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE SKIN MICROCIRCULATION IN SMOKING AND NON-SMOKING SPORTSMEN AND SEDENTARY CONTROLS MEASURED BY MEANS OF LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY
Renata Szyguła
Politechnika Opolska, Wydział Wychowania Fizycznego i Fizjoterapii, Katedra Wychowania Fizycznego i Sportu, Opole, Poland
Abstract
Introduction: Systematic physical training causes functional and structural adaptive alterations in the circulatory system. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to assess adaptive alterations in skin microcirculation, as well as to compare a response of the skin vascular bed in smoking and non-smoking sportsmen and sedentary controls.
Material and methods: The study covered 42 sportsmen, including 31 non-smokers, and 11 sportsmen who had been smoking at least 10 cigarettes a day for at least last three years. A control group was made up of 31 persons, non-smokers, who led sedentary lifestyles. Skin microcirculation was measured with the use of the laser Doppler flowmeter Perifluks 4001 made by Perimed (Sweden). Measured parameters were: rest flow and hyperemic reaction to specific stimuli: the reactive hyperemia after loosening the cuff, the thermal hyperemia. The author analyzed the frequency of signals recorded with the use of laser Doppler flowmetry in the interval between 0.0095 and 2 Hz, in conditions of the rest flow. The chosen time constant was 0.03 s, every blood flow signal was recorded at the frequency of 32 Hz.
Results: All of the skin microcirculation parameters studied were highest in non-smoking sportsmen (HR – 63.55±9.03 Hz; PP – 15.56±7.13P U; Obiol – 3.96±0.98 PU; RH – 51.39±31.33 PU; MAX RH – 82.48±42.12 PU; TH – 171.34±78.12 PU; MAX TH – 225.27±91.77 PU) in comparison both to the group of smoking sportsmen (HR – 75.18±5.42 Hz; PP – 8.88±4.03 PU; Obiol – 3.04±0.8 PU; RH – 30.15±24.03 PU; MAX RH – 55.85±31.61 PU; TH – 131.75±45.21 PU; MAX TH – 179.79±57.91 PU) and the control group (HR – 74.97±9.06 Hz; PP – 10.92±4.81 PU; Obiol – 3.21±0.63 PU; RH – 35.70±14.76PU; MAX RH – 61.06±32.14 PU; TH – 158.59±93.94 PU; MAX TH – 208.39±103.44 PU). The analyses of the Doppler signal frequency showed a significant increase of activity of the endothelium as well as significantly decrease sympathetic oscillations in the group of non-smoking sportsmen.
Conclusions: Functional adaptation of microcirculation under the influence of endurance training manifests itself in increase values of the rest flow, a greater reservoir of the vascular bed and a more efficient response of blood supply from the skin to the occlusive and thermal stimuli as well as a lower rest HR. The study confirmed a harmful effect of nicotine on skin microcirculation. Endurance training does not compensate this harmful effect.
Key words: regular physical training, skin microcirculation, laser Doppler flowmetry
Read article »
Indexed in: SportDiscus; EMBASE/Excerpta Medica; Index Copernicus
Effects of physical activity and food intake on bone mineralisation in female ex-athletes
Medicina Sportiva 2006 vol. 10, Issue 1
Copyright ® 2006 Medicina Sportiva
Barbara Długołęcka, Barbara Raczyńska, Grzegorz Raczyński
Read article »
Plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in regularly menstruating females with ovulatory and anovulatory menstrual cycles
Marzena Malara, Grażyna Lutosławska, Marlena Żołnowska, Ewa Byszewska-Szpocińska, Elżbieta Skierska, Anna Kęska
Read article »
Biological role of magnesium in health, disease and exercise
Marlena Żołnowska, Grażyna Lutosławska, Marzena Malara, Szymon Zuziak
Read article »
The effect of different exercise protocols on leptin levels and regional left ventricular diastolic heart function among professional swimmers – a comparison with untrained subjects: a Doppler tissue imaging study
Robert Skalik, Anna Janocha, Ludmiła Borodulin-Nadzieja, Anna Goździk, Rafał Poręba, Dariusz Biały, Arkadiusz Derkacz, Marta Obremska, Ireneusz Całkosiński
Read article »
Functional changes in the skin microcirculation in smoking and non-smoking sportsmen and sedentary controls measured by means of laser Doppler flowmetry
Renata Szyguła
Read article »
EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND FOOD INTAKE ON BONE MINERALISATION IN FEMALE EX-ATHLETES
Barbara Długołęcka, Barbara Raczyńska, Grzegorz Raczyński
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of physical activity and food intake on bone mineralisation, density and stiffness in female ex-athletes, as compared with women who never practised sports. The following questions were formulated: . Whether the presumably beneficial effect of high physical activity on bone mass (in the period of its peak level) can be sustained after the sport career has been terminated, and 2. Whether the present lifestyle of ex-athletes, i.e. their physical activity and food intake, may influence their bone density and strength.
Methods: A group of 43 female ex-athletes aged 6–34 years, who terminated their sport careers –5 years earlier, and 48 women in similar age, who never practised sports, participated in the study, the criteria of eligibility being were a good health status and normal ovarian function. The following measurements were carried out: body height and mass, relative fat content, bone mineralisation in the lumbar spine (L2 - L4) by densitometry, bone stiffness in the calcaneal bone by ultrasonography. All subjects were interviewed as to their past sport career, present physical activity and ovarian function in the past. The food intake was assessed using three 24-h recalls.
Conclusions: The following conclusions were drawn: . Bone density of the lumbar spine (L2 – L4) of ex-athletes was significantly higher than that of women never practising sports. 2. A higher bone mass of ex-athletes compared with untrained women was probably due to a more active lifestyle of the former, apart from their past sport engagement. 3. The present calcium intake by ex-athletes, most of whom followed the recommended values, seems to have contributed to bone mineralization. 4. The beneficial effect of a high physical activity on bone quality throughout the sport career in the past is likely to be maintained when the lifestyle is health-directed.
Key words: physical activity, food intake, bone mineralisation, women, female ex-athletes
Read article »
PLASMA LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS IN REGULARLY MENSTRUATING FEMALES WITH OVULATORY AND ANOVULATORY MENSTRUAL CYCLES
Marzena Malara, Grażyna Lutosławska, Marlena Żołnowska, Ewa Byszewska-Szpocińska, Elżbieta Skierska, Anna Kęska
Abstract
Introduction: Impaired ovarian hormone secretion affects plasma lipoprotein profile which in postmenopausal women is less favorable than in premenopausal ones. Similarly, in females engaged in vigorous physical activity with depressed ovary function such as oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea plasma lipoprotein profile is unfavorable in comparison with their regularly menstruating counterparts. However, data concerning plasma lipoprotein levels in females with subtle disturbances in ovarian hormone secretion resulting in anovulatory menstrual cycles are not available.
Aim of the study: The aim of the present study was the comparison of plasma lipoprotein, free fatty acid, and glycerol levels in regularly menstruating active females with ovulatory and anovulatory menstrual cycles. Additionally, we looked for associations between subjects’ hormonal status (plasma insulin, cortisol and testosterone levels) and plasma lipids and lipoproteins.
Methods: A total of 37 women participated in the study. On the basis of 3 months basal body temperature measurements and the determination of plasma levels of progesterone and 17β-estradiol they were classified as ovulating (n=21) or non-ovulating (n=16). Total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), triacylglycerols (TG), free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose were determined in fasting blood plasma using colorimetric methods and commercial kits (Randox Laboratories, UK). Insulin, cortisol and testosterone were measured by a standard radioimmunoassay and commercial kits (POLATOM, Poland).
Results: There were no between-group differences in plasma TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, glycerol, insulin, cortisol and testosterone levels. In non-ovulating women plasma FFA levels between days 5-8 and 19-22 of the menstrual cycle were significantly higher (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) than in ovulating counterparts. Elevated plasma FFA concentrations may be possibly recognized as a first sign of impaired lipid metabolism due to depressed ovary function.
Conclusion: Subtle disturbances in ovarian hormone secretion promote changes in plasma FFA levels, what has to be recognized as a first sign of impaired ovary function.
Key words: Lipids, lipoproteins, females, ovulation, anovulation
Read article »
BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF MAGNESIUM IN HEALTH, DISEASE AND EXERCISE
Marlena Żołnowska, Grażyna Lutosławska, Marzena Malara, Szymon Zuziak
Abstract
There is an enormous amount of data concerning the role of magnesium in health, disease and exercise capacity. More than 350 enzymes, in addition to those involved in metabolic cycles, appear to require and to be regulated by magnesium. Furthermore, magnesium affects many cellular functions, including transport of potassium and calcium ions, signal transduction, hormone secretion, energy metabolism and cell proliferation. However, the diagnosis of magnesium status is still under debate mostly due to the lack of functional biomarkers of body magnesium stores. It seems likely that magnesium deficiency contributes to the development of hypertension, type 2 diabetes and various cardiac diseases. At least in 20% of the population daily magnesium intake is suboptimal. Highly active subjects and especially elite sportsmen are at greater risk of magnesium deficiency due to ion losses in sweat and urine. Data concerning magnesium effects on exercise capacity are equivocal. A beneficial effect of magnesium supplementation on strength and endurance has been recognized in some studies. Concomitantly, the lack of effects of dietary magnesium intake on performance has also been demonstrated. However, assuming increased magnesium losses due to intensive physical activity, magnesium supplementation may be useful, at least in athletes with suboptimal magnesium intake. This is especially true for female athletes, who frequently do not consume adequate energy relatively to expenditure.
Key words: magnesium, muscle contraction, deficiency, health risk, exercise capacity
Read article »
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT EXERCISE PROTOCOLS ON LEPTIN LEVELS AND REGIONAL LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC HEART FUNCTION AMONG PROFESSIONAL SWIMMERS – A COMPARISON WITH UNTRAINED SUBJECTS: A DOPPLER TISSUE IMAGING STUDY
Robert Skalik, Anna Janocha, Ludmiła Borodulin-Nadzieja, Anna Goździk, Rafał Poręba, Dariusz Biały, Arkadiusz Derkacz, Marta Obremska, Ireneusz Całkosiński
Abstract
Background: It is assumed that leptin affects the circulatory system. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of chronic, dynamic and static physical effort on leptin levels and regional diastolic heart function as measured by Tissue Doppler Echocardiography in endurance athletes and healthy volunteers.
Material and Methods: A total of 120 persons participated in the study including 60 endurance athletes (professional swimmers) and 60 healthy volunteers with low physical activity. The blood concentration of leptin at rest was measured under fasting conditions in all the subjects. The leptin levels were also measured in 30 athletes and 30 volunteers immediately after dynamic and static exercises. Moreover, the echocardiographic interrogation of regional diastolic heart function was performed in 30 athletes and 30 healthy volunteers at rest and shortly after dynamic and static physical effort.
Results: The relationship between leptin levels and parameters of regional left ventricular function was not confirmed. A significant effect of acute and chronic physical effort on regional diastolic heart function was exhibited among professional swimmers.
Conclusions:1. A significant relationship between regular physical training and leptin levels was not confirmed among professional swimmers, however acute dynamic exercise had a significant impact on blood concentrations of leptin , 2. leptin does not exert an immediate and significant effect on regional left ventricular heart function among professional swimmers, 3. the period of training significantly correlates with changes in regional diastolic heart function among athletes.
Key words: physical exercise, leptin, diastolic heart function, Tissue Doppler Echocardiography, professional swimmers
Read article »
FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE SKIN MICROCIRCULATION IN SMOKING AND NON-SMOKING SPORTSMEN AND SEDENTARY CONTROLS MEASURED BY MEANS OF LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY
Renata Szyguła
Politechnika Opolska, Wydział Wychowania Fizycznego i Fizjoterapii, Katedra Wychowania Fizycznego i Sportu, Opole, Poland
Abstract
Introduction: Systematic physical training causes functional and structural adaptive alterations in the circulatory system. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to assess adaptive alterations in skin microcirculation, as well as to compare a response of the skin vascular bed in smoking and non-smoking sportsmen and sedentary controls.
Material and methods: The study covered 42 sportsmen, including 31 non-smokers, and 11 sportsmen who had been smoking at least 10 cigarettes a day for at least last three years. A control group was made up of 31 persons, non-smokers, who led sedentary lifestyles. Skin microcirculation was measured with the use of the laser Doppler flowmeter Perifluks 4001 made by Perimed (Sweden). Measured parameters were: rest flow and hyperemic reaction to specific stimuli: the reactive hyperemia after loosening the cuff, the thermal hyperemia. The author analyzed the frequency of signals recorded with the use of laser Doppler flowmetry in the interval between 0.0095 and 2 Hz, in conditions of the rest flow. The chosen time constant was 0.03 s, every blood flow signal was recorded at the frequency of 32 Hz.
Results: All of the skin microcirculation parameters studied were highest in non-smoking sportsmen (HR – 63.55±9.03 Hz; PP – 15.56±7.13P U; Obiol – 3.96±0.98 PU; RH – 51.39±31.33 PU; MAX RH – 82.48±42.12 PU; TH – 171.34±78.12 PU; MAX TH – 225.27±91.77 PU) in comparison both to the group of smoking sportsmen (HR – 75.18±5.42 Hz; PP – 8.88±4.03 PU; Obiol – 3.04±0.8 PU; RH – 30.15±24.03 PU; MAX RH – 55.85±31.61 PU; TH – 131.75±45.21 PU; MAX TH – 179.79±57.91 PU) and the control group (HR – 74.97±9.06 Hz; PP – 10.92±4.81 PU; Obiol – 3.21±0.63 PU; RH – 35.70±14.76PU; MAX RH – 61.06±32.14 PU; TH – 158.59±93.94 PU; MAX TH – 208.39±103.44 PU). The analyses of the Doppler signal frequency showed a significant increase of activity of the endothelium as well as significantly decrease sympathetic oscillations in the group of non-smoking sportsmen.
Conclusions: Functional adaptation of microcirculation under the influence of endurance training manifests itself in increase values of the rest flow, a greater reservoir of the vascular bed and a more efficient response of blood supply from the skin to the occlusive and thermal stimuli as well as a lower rest HR. The study confirmed a harmful effect of nicotine on skin microcirculation. Endurance training does not compensate this harmful effect.
Key words: regular physical training, skin microcirculation, laser Doppler flowmetry
Read article »