Journal Description
BioMed
BioMed
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the broad field of subjects in human life science and medicine published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 27 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
- BioMed is a companion journal of Biomedicines.
subject
Imprint Information
Open Access
ISSN: 2673-8430
Latest Articles
Comprehensive Analysis of the Genetic Variation in the LPA Gene from Short-Read Sequencing
BioMed 2024, 4(2), 156-170; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4020013 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
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Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and mainly regulated by the complex LPA gene. We investigated the types of variation in the LPA gene and their predictive performance on Lp(a) concentration. We determined the Kringle IV-type 2 (KIV-2) copy
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Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and mainly regulated by the complex LPA gene. We investigated the types of variation in the LPA gene and their predictive performance on Lp(a) concentration. We determined the Kringle IV-type 2 (KIV-2) copy number (CN) using the DRAGEN LPA Caller (DLC) and a read depth-based CN estimator in 8351 short-read whole genome sequencing samples from the GENESIS-HD study. The pentanucleotide repeat in the promoter region was genotyped with GangSTR and ExpansionHunter. Lp(a) concentration was available in 4861 population-based subjects. Predictive performance on Lp(a) concentration was investigated using random forests. The agreement of the KIV-2 CN between the two specialized callers was high (r = 0.9966; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9965–0.9968). Allele-specific KIV-2 CN could be determined in 47.0% of the subjects using the DLC. Lp(a) concentration can be better predicted from allele-specific KIV-2 CN than total KIV-2 CN. Two single nucleotide variants, 4925G>A and rs41272114C>T, further improved prediction. The genetically complex LPA gene can be analyzed with excellent agreement between different callers. The allele-specific KIV-2 CN is more important for predicting Lp(a) concentration than the total KIV-2 CN.
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Open AccessReview
Assistive Communication Devices in Rett Syndrome: A Case Report and Narrative Review
by
Justin Lee, Jessica Lee, Mouath Abu-Daoud and Yazan A. Al-Ajlouni
BioMed 2024, 4(2), 146-155; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4020012 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder primarily affecting females, characterized by developmental regression and significant communication impairments. Despite the critical role of communication in maintaining quality of life, the long-term efficacy and optimal utilization of augmentative and assistive communication (AAC) devices
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Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder primarily affecting females, characterized by developmental regression and significant communication impairments. Despite the critical role of communication in maintaining quality of life, the long-term efficacy and optimal utilization of augmentative and assistive communication (AAC) devices in RTT remain underexplored. This study evaluates the impact of AAC devices on communication outcomes and quality of life in individuals with RTT through a case report and narrative review. We conducted a comprehensive literature review and thematic analysis categorizing technologies into communication aids, mobility aids, educational tools, and daily living aids, assessing their effectiveness and challenges. The results show that AAC technologies, including eye-tracking devices, speech-generating devices, and adapted computers, enhance communication, cognitive development, and quality of life for individuals with RTT. The case report of Patient E, utilizing the Tobii Dynavox device, highlights the transformative impact of AAC devices despite challenges in device complexity and therapist training. AAC devices are indispensable for supporting individuals with RTT, though challenges persist related to accessibility, device complexity, and therapist training. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to assess the sustained impact of AAC technologies and explore family-centered approaches to AAC integration.
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Open AccessBrief Report
Manual Reduction for Subacute Osteoporotic Burst and Severe Compression Thoracolumbar Fractures
by
Kung-Chia Li, Ching-Hsiang Hsieh, Ting-Hua Liao and Chih-Hung Chen
BioMed 2024, 4(2), 136-145; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4020011 - 24 May 2024
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The objective of this study was to retrospectively assess the impact of manual reduction (MR) on patients with subacute osteoporotic thoracolumbar burst fractures and severe compression fractures (OTLBFSCFs). From January 2016 to May 2020, 101 cases of OTLBFSCFs were reviewed, comprising 73 women
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The objective of this study was to retrospectively assess the impact of manual reduction (MR) on patients with subacute osteoporotic thoracolumbar burst fractures and severe compression fractures (OTLBFSCFs). From January 2016 to May 2020, 101 cases of OTLBFSCFs were reviewed, comprising 73 women and 28 men, with an average age of 77.4 ± 8.5 years. Preoperative radiographs, CT or MRI scans, intraoperative C-arm fluoroscopic images, and postoperative X-ray films were utilized to evaluate spinal radiographic parameters. Initially, all patients underwent 3 min of prone positioning as posture reduction (PR), followed by 1–3 sessions of six-member MR to approximate anatomical reduction of the fracture. The average preoperative anterior body height ratio (ABH%) and lateral Cobb angle (LCA) were 38.8% ± 6.2% and 22.6° ± 4.2°, respectively. Post-PR, the average ABH% and LCA were 50.5% ± 8.0% and 14.7° ± 2.7°, respectively. Following MR, the average ABH% and LCA were 99.6% ± 2.4% and 0.4° ± 2.4°, respectively. PR achieved an ABH% correction of 11.7%, while MR achieved 49.1%. LCA restoration was 7.9° with PR and 14.3° with MR. It was deduced that MR proved to be safe and efficacious for subacute OTLBFSCFs and could potentially alter the approach to subsequent surgeries.
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Open AccessReview
Review of Laboratory Testing and Biomarker Screening for Preeclampsia
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Antonia F. Oladipo and Maansi Jayade
BioMed 2024, 4(2), 122-135; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4020010 - 14 May 2024
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The purpose of this review is to elucidate the different laboratory and biomarker testing methods available for screening and diagnosis of preeclampsia. These include routine testing, such as blood pressure readings, qualitative and quantitative urine testing, complete blood count with platelets, serum creatinine
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The purpose of this review is to elucidate the different laboratory and biomarker testing methods available for screening and diagnosis of preeclampsia. These include routine testing, such as blood pressure readings, qualitative and quantitative urine testing, complete blood count with platelets, serum creatinine levels, liver chemistries, and serum bilirubin levels. This review also details the use of non-routine testing, such as screening for angiogenic and anti-angiogenic markers, such as placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1). Blood pressure measurements and proteinuria are the most routinely used screening tools used for preeclampsia and there are limited data on the utility of other screening techniques because of a greater focus on the etiology and treatment of preeclampsia. Similarly, serum angiogenic biomarkers are not routinely collected, so there is limited evidence regarding using them as screening tools for preeclampsia and more data are needed to determine their significance in the screening and diagnosis of preeclampsia.
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Open AccessBrief Report
Foot Position Recognition Using a Smartphone Inertial Sensor in Patient Transfer
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Kodai Kitagawa, Ryo Takashima, Tadateru Kurosawa and Chikamune Wada
BioMed 2024, 4(2), 112-121; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4020009 - 25 Apr 2024
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Caregivers experience lower back pain due to patient transfer. Foot position is an important and adjustable posture for reducing lumbar loads during patient transfer. Specifically, a suitable foot position provides the use of the lower limbs instead of the lumbar region in patient
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Caregivers experience lower back pain due to patient transfer. Foot position is an important and adjustable posture for reducing lumbar loads during patient transfer. Specifically, a suitable foot position provides the use of the lower limbs instead of the lumbar region in patient handling. Thus, we have developed a monitoring and feedback system for foot positioning using wearable sensors to instruct suitable foot positions. However, existing measurement methods require multiple specific wearable sensors. In addition, the existing method has not been evaluated in patient transfer, including twisting and lowering. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a measurement method using only a smartphone-installed inertial sensor for foot position during patient transfer, including twisting and lowering. The smartphone attached to the trunk measures the acceleration, angular velocity, and geomagnetic field. The proposed method recognizes anteroposterior and mediolateral foot positions by machine learning using inertial data. The proposed method was tested using simulated patient transfer motions, including horizontal rotation. The results showed that the proposed method could recognize the two foot positions with more than 90% accuracy. These results indicate that the proposed method can be applied to wearable monitoring and feedback systems to prevent lower back pain caused by patient transfer.
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Open AccessTechnical Note
Implementing A Flexible Sensor to Identify Forces during Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization
by
Nickolai J. P. Martonick, Russell T. Baker and Craig P. McGowan
BioMed 2024, 4(2), 100-111; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4020008 - 16 Apr 2024
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Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) techniques use specialized hand-held instruments for applying controlled mechanical forces to the body with the goal of facilitating healing, improving range of motion, and reducing pain. Nevertheless, an optimal range of forces for achieving clinical outcomes has yet
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Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) techniques use specialized hand-held instruments for applying controlled mechanical forces to the body with the goal of facilitating healing, improving range of motion, and reducing pain. Nevertheless, an optimal range of forces for achieving clinical outcomes has yet to be established. A barrier to advancing research on IASTM force optimization is the lack of commercially available instruments that quantify treatment forces. The aim of the current study was to assess the feasibility of attaching a flexible force sensor to a commercially available IASTM instrument to obtain valid force measurements. The validity of this novel approach was assessed by comparing data between the flexible force sensor and a force plate during a simulated treatment. Intraclass correlation coefficients, linear regression models, and Bland Altman plots all indicated excellent agreement between the force plate and flexible sensor when the instrument was used at 45°, 65°, and 90° treatment angles. Agreement between measures decreased when the instrument was held at 30°. Thus, commercially available instruments with attached sensors could make force measurement more accessible and feasible for a wider range of research settings, facilitating the advancement of IASTM research and ultimately informing clinical decision-making to improve patient care.
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Open AccessArticle
Form Matters—Technical Cues in the Single Leg Heel Raise to Failure Test Significantly Change the Outcome: A Study of Convergent Validity in Australian Football Players
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Brady Green, Molly Coventry, Tania Pizzari, Ebonie K. Rio and Myles C. Murphy
BioMed 2024, 4(2), 89-99; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4020007 - 7 Apr 2024
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Practitioners routinely use the single leg heel raise (SLHR) to quantify calf function in healthy and injured populations. Despite this, approaches vary and the impact of cueing on SLHR performance and results interpretation in athletesis unknown. The primary aim of this study was
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Practitioners routinely use the single leg heel raise (SLHR) to quantify calf function in healthy and injured populations. Despite this, approaches vary and the impact of cueing on SLHR performance and results interpretation in athletesis unknown. The primary aim of this study was to quantify the level of agreement of the cued versus non-cued SLHR tests. The secondary aim was to explore test outcomes and the potential impact of intrinsic factors. Cued and non-cued SLHR tests were conducted in fifty-one Australian football players (23 women, 28 men). Metronome pacing (60 bpm) and five key cues were included in the cued condition. The level of agreement (Bland–Altman) between tests was measured for capacity (repetitions to failure) and asymmetry. Data from 100 legs were included. The non-cued and cued SLHR tests demonstrated poor agreement in both capacity and asymmetry. More repetitions to failure were performed in the non-cued SLHR [Mean (SD) = 33.9 (10.3) vs. 21.9 (5.3), p < 0.001)], and men had greater capacity (36.8 (10.4) vs. 30.3 (9.2), p < 0.001). During the cued SLHR, older players (age ≥ 30 years: −5.1 repetitions, p = 0.01) and Indigenous players (−3.4 repetitions, p = 0.002) and had reduced calf muscle function. Cueing the SLHR test significantly changes the result—outcomes are not comparable or interchangeable with the commonly used non-cued SLHR. These findings can guide practitioners quantifying calf capacity.
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Open AccessArticle
Resilience and Sense of Coherence among Female Fibromyalgia Patients Living in a Conflict Zone Who Underwent Fibrotherapy Intervention
by
Liraz Cohen-Biton, Dan Buskila and Rachel Nissanholtz-Gannot
BioMed 2024, 4(2), 78-88; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4020006 - 22 Mar 2024
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Objective: This study sought to examine whether the sense of coherence (SoC) and resilience among female fibromyalgia (FM) patients increased after participation in a fibrotherapy intervention program (FTI) and whether SoC and resilience increased among female FM patients (FFMPs) exposed to security threats
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Objective: This study sought to examine whether the sense of coherence (SoC) and resilience among female fibromyalgia (FM) patients increased after participation in a fibrotherapy intervention program (FTI) and whether SoC and resilience increased among female FM patients (FFMPs) exposed to security threats who changed their coping strategies to problem-oriented coping. Methods: Ninety-six FFMPs aged 19–75 enrolled in the FTI program led by Rabbi Firer in Sderot, Israel. The intervention program is divided into three stages, each comprising a distinct weekly treatment plan. The treatment plans encompass the following modalities: physiotherapy adapted to FM conditions, group therapy, hydrotherapy, horticultural therapy/cooking therapy, Pilates, pottery therapy, and kundalini yoga. Each stage spans a duration of 10 weeks, culminating in a total program duration of 30 weeks. Results: The findings show that after participating in FTI, the problem-orientation level of coping and health indicators, including functional ability and physiological scores (pre- and post-exertion), increased while psychological distress levels decreased. Overall, all the physiological scales measured before and after the FTI showed a significant improvement among the entire sample. FFMPs with problem-oriented strategies reported higher levels of SoC and resilience after participating in the FTI program. Conclusions: The FTI provided FFMPs with tools to understand the meaning of their disease and its management, whereas before they were preoccupied with the presence of the disease and its negative impact on their lives. The participation of FFMPs in the FTI leads to a perceptual change, the adoption of problem-oriented coping strategies, and the increased utilization of coping resources, namely, SoC and resilience. Problem-oriented coping combined with high SoC and resilience led FFMPs to adopt health strategies such as physical activity and other empowering activities that raised their physical and mental health indicators.
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Open AccessArticle
Green Synthesis of Cocos nucifera-Based Nanomaterials and Mechanistic Basis of Their Antimicrobial Action
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Zuriatou Yajeh Tanka, Naphtali Odogu Ankoro, Vincent Ngouana, Franklin Loïc Tchinda Taghu, Abongta Lum Mforbesi, Branly-Natalien Nguena-Dongue, Julius Nsami Ndi, Boniface Pone Kamdem, Paul Keilah Lunga and Fabrice Fekam Boyom
BioMed 2024, 4(1), 59-77; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4010005 - 6 Mar 2024
Abstract
Caused by pathogenic microorganisms, infectious diseases are known to cause high mortality rates, severe burdens of disability, and serious worldwide aftermaths. Drug-resistant pathogens have reduced the efficacy of available therapies against these diseases, thus accentuating the need to search for effective antimicrobials. Medicinal
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Caused by pathogenic microorganisms, infectious diseases are known to cause high mortality rates, severe burdens of disability, and serious worldwide aftermaths. Drug-resistant pathogens have reduced the efficacy of available therapies against these diseases, thus accentuating the need to search for effective antimicrobials. Medicinal plants have served as starting material for the preparation of a number of antimicrobial agents. To this end, the present study highlights the green synthesis of Cocos nucifera-based nanomaterials and evaluation of the mechanistic basis of their antimicrobial action. Accordingly, Cocos nucifera extract was used for the reduction of silver nitrate solution to afford silver nanoparticles. These entities were further incorporated onto sulfuric-acid-based activated carbons to generate the nanocomposites. The antimicrobial activity of the as-prepared nanomaterials was evaluated using the broth microdilution method, while the antioxidant activity was assessed through standard methods. The cytotoxicity of potent nanomaterials was assessed on Vero cells by the spectrophotometric method. As a result, nanoparticles were successfully synthesized, as evidenced by the ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy analysis that revealed an intense absorption spectrum at 433 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy presented the functional group moieties involved as a capping and reducing agent in the synthesis of the nanomaterials. The incubation of nanomaterials with selected bacterial and fungal strains has led to significant inhibitory effects of these pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7.813 to 250 μg/mL. In antioxidant assays, the nanocomposites presented scavenging activities comparable to those of ascorbic acid. Cytotoxicity experiment revealed no toxic effects on Vero cells (range of selectivity indices: from >4 to >128). These results provide evidence of the implication of Cocos nucifera-based nanomaterials in targeting bacterial or fungal systems that mediate free-radical damage or by inhibiting the oxidative damage caused by selected bacteria and fungi, the most susceptible being Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, respectively.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advancement in Biotechnology and Drug Development Using Cutting-Edge Platforms)
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Open AccessArticle
Increased Risk for Non-Union in First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis following High-Velocity Reaming: A Retrospective Study
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Assaf Albagli, Assaf Kadar, Ron Gurel, Elchanan Luger, Yaniv Warschawski and Shai Factor
BioMed 2024, 4(1), 50-58; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4010004 - 26 Feb 2024
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Objective: Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) is a reliable procedure for treating various pathologies related to this joint. However, non-union is a common and debilitating complication of the procedure. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the use of
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Objective: Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) is a reliable procedure for treating various pathologies related to this joint. However, non-union is a common and debilitating complication of the procedure. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the use of a mechanical reamer to prepare the joint surface increases the risk of non-union compared to traditional manual osteotomy. Methods: A retrospective study of all patients who underwent their first MTPJ arthrodesis surgery in our medical center between 2010 and 2015. The articular surface preparation of the MTPJ was either manually performed (Group 1) or mechanically conducted with reamers (Group 2). Data regarding demographic characteristics, indications for surgery, osteosynthesis methods, and post-operative complications, including non-union, infection, and revision rates, were collected for all patients. Results: A total of 83 patients with 92 primary first MTPJ arthrodesis (44 cases in Group 1 and 48 cases in Group 2) were included with a mean follow-up time of 45.3 months (SD 16.8). The two groups were comparable in terms of age, gender, comorbidities, indication for surgery, and follow-up time. The non-union rate was 15.9% in Group 1 and 25% in Group 2 (p = 0.28). Group 2 showed a significantly higher rate of revision surgery compared to Group 1 (43.7% vs. 22.7%, p = 0.03). Conclusions: The mechanical reamer group had a higher non-union rate and a significantly higher rate of revision surgery compared to low-energy manual joint preparation. In light of these findings, the use of mechanical reamers for joint preparation in the first MTPJ arthrodesis was discontinued at our medical center.
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Open AccessArticle
Regular Intermittent Aerobic Exercise Reduces Arterial Stiffness Associated with Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Middle-Aged and Older Individuals
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Ryota Kobayashi and Hideyuki Negoro
BioMed 2024, 4(1), 39-49; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4010003 - 8 Feb 2024
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Hardening of arterial walls associated with elevated postprandial blood glucose levels increases the risk of cardiovascular disease; however, the impact of intermittent aerobic training on reducing arterial stiffness is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the chronic effects of intermittent
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Hardening of arterial walls associated with elevated postprandial blood glucose levels increases the risk of cardiovascular disease; however, the impact of intermittent aerobic training on reducing arterial stiffness is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the chronic effects of intermittent aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness during hyperglycemia in middle-aged adults: 30 healthy middle-aged adults were randomly assigned to an 8-week intermittent aerobic training group (n = 15, jogging or running, 30 min/run, 3 times/week, 65% reserve heart rate) and a control group (n = 15, no training). Pulse wave velocity (PWV) of carotid-femoral (cf) and brachial-ankle (ba), heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose was measured before a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and 30, 60, and 90 min after the test, before the exercise intervention, and 4 and 8 weeks after intervention. The baPWV and blood glucose levels before the intervention were elevated at 30, 60, and 90 min in both groups compared to levels before the 75 g OGTT (p < 0.01). The baPWV and blood glucose levels after 4 and 8 weeks of intervention were unchanged in the training group compared to that before the 75 g OGTT, but increased at 30, 60, and 90 min in the control group compared to that before the 75 g OGTT (p < 0.01). The baPWV and blood glucose levels at 30 and 60 min after the 75 g OGTT after 4 and 8 weeks of intervention were lower in the training group than in the control group (p < 0.01). These results indicate that intermittent aerobic exercise training may reduce the acute increase in arterial stiffness after hyperglycemia.
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Open AccessReview
Complements from the Male Reproductive Tract: A Scoping Review
by
Rachel L. Washburn
BioMed 2024, 4(1), 19-38; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4010002 - 25 Jan 2024
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The organs of the male reproductive tract, including the testis, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, and semen, must provide an immunoregulatory environment conducive to germ cell viability and successful fertilization. Many immune components, such as immune cells, have been investigated regarding reproductive immunology and
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The organs of the male reproductive tract, including the testis, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, and semen, must provide an immunoregulatory environment conducive to germ cell viability and successful fertilization. Many immune components, such as immune cells, have been investigated regarding reproductive immunology and function; however, the investigation of the role of complement in this system has only more recently been gaining traction in research. This review focuses on complement in the male reproductive tract, with the goal of compiling information currently known about complement components detected in male reproductive organs and identifying areas in need of further research. Considering the recent and upcoming research about the noncanonical functions of complement, this information is relevant and applicable in the fields of reproductive immunology, fertility, and immune regulation.
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Open AccessReview
Oral Diseases and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review
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Ezekiel Taiwo Adebayo, Olunike Rebecca Abodunrin, Ifeoluwa E. Adewole, Abideen Olurotimi Salako, Joanne Lusher, Folahanmi Tomiwa Akinsolu, Maha El Tantawi, Omolola Titilayo Alade, George Uchenna Eleje, Oliver Chukwujekwu Ezechi and Moréniké Oluwátóyìn Foláyan
BioMed 2024, 4(1), 1-18; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4010001 - 29 Dec 2023
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This scoping review mapped and critically reviewed the extant literature exploring associations between oral disease status and adverse pregnancy outcomes among women residing in sub-Saharan Africa. A literature search was conducted in July 2023 using PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. The articles
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This scoping review mapped and critically reviewed the extant literature exploring associations between oral disease status and adverse pregnancy outcomes among women residing in sub-Saharan Africa. A literature search was conducted in July 2023 using PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. The articles selected were those published in the English language between 1990 and 2022. After screening 833 potential studies, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria. Among these, 12 (80.0%) adopted a descriptive research design, while 3 (20.0%) used experimental methodologies. Eight (53.3%) studies were conducted in East Africa, fourteen (93.3%) studies were hospital-based, and one (6.7%) study was community-based. Periodontitis was linked with low birth weight, preterm birth, preterm birth and low birthweight, stunting, wasting, and underweight in most studies. Periodontitis was, however, not linked with adverse pregnancy outcomes in four studies. Caries was not linked with adverse pregnancy outcomes, but its sequalae was linked with low birth weight, preterm birth, neonatal stunting, and small head circumference. Two studies showed that periodontal diseases were linked with preeclampsia and chorioamnionitis. Maternal poor oral hygiene was linked with stunting. Two other studies showed no links between maternal periodontal disease and preterm premature rupture of membranes, eclampsia, spontaneous abortion, and vaginal bleeding. Furthermore, two intervention studies found that the treatment of periodontal diseases during pregnancy reduced the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the effect size of the links observed between oral diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Open AccessArticle
Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Prevalence and Patterns in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital: A 5-Year Retrospective Study
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Opeyemi Adeola, Olawunmi Fatusi, Azuka Njokanma and Adewale Adejobi
BioMed 2023, 3(4), 507-515; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed3040040 - 21 Nov 2023
Abstract
Mandibular third molars are the most commonly impacted teeth. The prevalence and pattern of impacted mandibular third molars in patients presenting to the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, a tertiary hospital in south-western Nigeria, are largely unknown. This retrospective study examined 469
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Mandibular third molars are the most commonly impacted teeth. The prevalence and pattern of impacted mandibular third molars in patients presenting to the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, a tertiary hospital in south-western Nigeria, are largely unknown. This retrospective study examined 469 patient records, extracting socio-demographic and clinical information for analysis. It also determined the prevalence and pattern of impacted mandibular third molars from January 2015 to December 2019. The positioning of impacted teeth was assessed via periapical radiographs utilizing Winter’s classification. Data were subjected to analysis with IBM SPSS version 20, utilizing frequencies, percentages, and likelihood ratios, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The prevalence of impacted mandibular third molars within the study cohort was 2.51%, with a higher incidence observed in the 21–29 age group (p < 0.001). Mesioangular impaction was the most prevalent, with pericoronitis being the primary reason for extraction, and periodontal pockets being the most common associated pathology.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychosocial Factors and the Epidemiology of Oral Diseases)
Open AccessPerspective
Of Soldiers and Their Ghosts: Are We Ready for a Review of PTSD Evidence?
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Adonis Sfera, Jonathan J. Anton, Hassan Imran, Zisis Kozlakidis, Carolina Klein and Carolina Osorio
BioMed 2023, 3(4), 484-506; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed3040039 - 10 Nov 2023
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Psychosocial trauma has accompanied mankind since time immemorial and has been sufficiently portrayed in art and literature to suggest that posttraumatic stress disorder may be as old as combat itself. Since war is more frequent in human history than peace, public health measures
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Psychosocial trauma has accompanied mankind since time immemorial and has been sufficiently portrayed in art and literature to suggest that posttraumatic stress disorder may be as old as combat itself. Since war is more frequent in human history than peace, public health measures are confined to mitigating the detrimental impact of battlefield experiences on combat participants. At present, PTSD outcome studies show mixed results, marked by high nonresponse rates, therapy dropout, and completed suicide, suggesting that novel strategies are urgently needed. Those of us who work routinely with combat veterans have noted an increasing trend of patients preferring mindfulness-based therapies as opposed to trauma-centered treatments, such as prolonged exposure or trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. Preference for mindfulness over trauma-based therapies appears to coincide with the shift in research focus from the amygdala and fear to the insular cortex and interoceptive awareness. Therefore, rethinking PTSD as insular pathology is driven by the recent findings that neurons in this cortical area not only regulate cardiac rhythm but also record past intestinal inflammations. These discoveries likely explain the high comorbidity of stress-related disorders with premature endothelial senescence and a dysfunctional intestinal barrier. Moreover, the identification of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and the revelation that endothelial cells express alpha-7 nicotinic receptors has brought PTSD prevention and early detection within reach. In this narrative review, we discuss the relationship between early vascular aging, gut barrier disruption, and PTSD. We also examine the link between this pathology and faulty interoceptive awareness, surmising that hypertension and decreased heart rate variability are PTSD risk factors, while lipopolysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, soluble CD14, microbial cell-free DNA, acyloxyacyl hydrolase, and IL22 comprise early detection markers of this disorder.
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Open AccessArticle
Signs of Alveolar Collapse in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis and Systemic Sclerosis Revealed by Inspiration and Expiration Computed Tomography
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Marco Fabian Wittwer, Soung-Yung Kim, Alexander Leichtle, Sabina Berezowska, Sabina A. Guler, Thomas Geiser, Johannes Heverhagen, Britta Maurer and Alexander Poellinger
BioMed 2023, 3(4), 471-483; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed3040038 - 7 Nov 2023
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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) are among the most common entities that cause pulmonary fibrosis. Alveolar collapse with subsequent collapse induration of lung tissue is thought to contribute to the fibrotic transformation. The purpose of this study
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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) are among the most common entities that cause pulmonary fibrosis. Alveolar collapse with subsequent collapse induration of lung tissue is thought to contribute to the fibrotic transformation. The purpose of this study was to examine lung tissue in computed tomography (CT) of non-diseased appearance during expiration for signs of increased density suggesting collapsibility in fibrosing lung diseases. We further analyzed the diaphragmatic movements during the respiratory cycle to determine relationships between density differences and the apex–diaphragm diameter. Significant differences in attenuation changes between inspiration and expiration of unaffected lung parenchyma were detected between IPF and controls and between HP and controls for all lung lobes (p < 0.001). Only minor differences were found between SSc and controls. There was no clinically relevant difference between patients with IPF and those with HP. The measured absolute apex–diaphragm diameter in inspiration and expiration demonstrated a statistically significant difference between patients with IPF versus normal controls. However, the diaphragmatic excursions were not different between these groups. Compared to controls, CT lung density increases significantly more during expiration in the fibrotic lungs of IPF and HP patients. The observed increase in density might indicate the collapse of alveoli during expiration and may represent a common pathophysiologic feature of fibrosing lung diseases. The density changes and lung extensions do not have the same ratios across different diseases and controls.
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Open AccessReview
Relationships between Oral Health and the Sustainable Development Goals: A Scoping Review
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Olunike Rebecca Abodunrin, Mobolaji Timothy Olagunju, Omolola Titilayo Alade and Morẹ́nikẹ́ Oluwátóyìn Foláyan
BioMed 2023, 3(4), 460-470; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed3040037 - 30 Oct 2023
Cited by 2
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The aim of this scoping review was to map the research that links oral health and sustainable development goals (SDGs). The question that guided this review was what is the published evidence specifically linking oral health and SDGs? The search of articles published
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The aim of this scoping review was to map the research that links oral health and sustainable development goals (SDGs). The question that guided this review was what is the published evidence specifically linking oral health and SDGs? The search of articles published between 2015 and June 2023 in English was conducted in June 2023 in PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Scopus. The extracted data from the 12 of the 520 publications that met the inclusion criteria were synthesized. These were publications from the African (n = 2) and European (n = 1) regions. Ten of the studies were not country specific. There were three observational studies. The referenced SDGs were SDG 1 (n = 1), SDG 3 (n = 11), SDG 4 (n = 3), SDG 5 (n = 2), and SDG 13 (n = 1). The studies linking oral health to SDG3 discussed a range of issues related to integrated oral health care, dental education on the SDGs, improved health equalities, access to universal health care, and sustainable health approaches. The small number of studies identified suggests the need to take proactive steps to generate research-based evidence that explores the interplay between oral diseases, oral health, and SDGs to address the dearth in the literature. By so doing, resources allocated to the SDGs can also be effectively uses to control oral diseases.
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Open AccessArticle
Young vs. Old Population: Does Urban Environment of Skyscrapers Create Different Obesity Prevalence?
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Yuval Arbel, Yifat Arbel, Amichai Kerner and Miryam Kerner
BioMed 2023, 3(4), 440-459; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed3040036 - 24 Oct 2023
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This study investigates the impact of more densely populated urban environments proxied by the number of skyscrapers on the obesity prevalence among young vs. old populations at a US statewide level. Obesity is a global pandemic, as well as a major risk factor
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This study investigates the impact of more densely populated urban environments proxied by the number of skyscrapers on the obesity prevalence among young vs. old populations at a US statewide level. Obesity is a global pandemic, as well as a major risk factor for a long series of health problems and increased mortality rates. We employ a quadratic model, which relaxes the a priori assumption of the monotonic rise or drop in obesity prevalence with the number of skyscrapers. The outcomes demonstrated a U-shaped curve and a sharper decrease (increase) in the projected obesity prevalence with the number of skyscrapers in the range of 0–147 (147–270) skyscrapers for the old population age cohorts above 65 years old. One possible explanation is the different motivation for physical activity among dissimilar age cohorts. While younger people are focused on maintaining a slim body shape, older people identify with the importance of sports. The public policy outcome of our study is the need to implement different recommendations in dissimilar urban environments based on age cohort stratification. Given that skyscrapers are the manifestation of wealth economics and present the typical characteristics of modern cities, which, in turn, are the future of economic development and productivity, these recommendations might prove to be important.
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Open AccessOpinion
Untreated Early Childhood Caries and Possible Links with Brain Development
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Morẹ́nikẹ́ Oluwátóyìn Foláyan, Omowumi Moromoke Femi-Akinlosotu, Bolu Adeoti and Oluwatosin Eunice Olorunmoteni
BioMed 2023, 3(4), 431-439; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed3040035 - 28 Sep 2023
Cited by 2
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Untreated early childhood caries (ECC) is a global public health concern. In the short term, untreated ECC can lead to pain, infection, and disrupted sleep, among other issues. In the long term, it is associated with poor oral health in later life, increased
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Untreated early childhood caries (ECC) is a global public health concern. In the short term, untreated ECC can lead to pain, infection, and disrupted sleep, among other issues. In the long term, it is associated with poor oral health in later life, increased risk of caries in permanent teeth, and adverse effects on physical and psychological development. There may be a link between untreated ECC and adverse cognitive and neurodevelopmental outcomes in young children, although the exact pathways are not fully understood. One possible pathway is through the relationship between mastication and brain stimulation. Impaired masticatory function due to ECC can affect the hippocampus, a key region responsible for memory and learning. Furthermore, untreated ECC can cause chronic inflammation, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that may damage the brain. Sleep disturbances resulting from ECC-related pain and discomfort can also impact brain development and cognitive functioning. Additionally, frequent use of antibiotics and analgesics to address ECC-related infections can disrupt the gut microbiome, potentially affecting the brain through the gut–brain axis. Untreated ECC can cause nutritional deficiencies and elevated nutritional risk, and can further hinder brain development. Addressing ECC comprehensively with early childhood health initiatives can help mitigate potential long-term consequences and promote optimal brain development in young children.
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Open AccessArticle
HHV-6 in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Immunocompetent Children
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Mikhail A. Nikolskiy, Dmitriy A. Lioznov, Evgeniy U. Gorelik and Tatyana V. Vishnevskaya
BioMed 2023, 3(3), 420-430; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed3030034 - 20 Sep 2023
Cited by 1
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Background: Human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous virus known as an etiological agent of exanthem subitum. HHV-6-encephalitis in immunocompetent children is a rare complication of the primary infection. There are a lack of data on the prevalence of HHV-6-encephalitis in Russia. The
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Background: Human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous virus known as an etiological agent of exanthem subitum. HHV-6-encephalitis in immunocompetent children is a rare complication of the primary infection. There are a lack of data on the prevalence of HHV-6-encephalitis in Russia. The aim of our study was to analyze the prevalence of HHV-6 DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of immunocompetent children with suspected acute meningoencephalitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 712 CSF samples were tested using qualitative PCR over 12 years at N.F. Filatov Children’s City Clinical Hospital No.5, Saint-Petersburg, Russia. Results: HHV-6 DNA was detected in 20 (2.8%) of the samples. Retrospectively, we analyzed the medical records of 15 cases. There were seven boys and eight girls from 1 month to 7 years old; the mean age was 22.3 ± 5.6 months. Most HHV-6 DNA-positive cases were due to the primary form of HHV-6 infection. There were, in total, four cases of HHV-6-meningoencephalitis. All the children had a complete recovery, without neurological deficits or death. Conclusions: HHV-6 encephalitis is a very rare disease in immunocompetent children (four cases among 712 samples over 12 years). Additional studies are needed to develop accurate diagnostic criteria and therapeutic approaches.
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