Journal Description
Vaccines
Vaccines
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal published monthly online by MDPI. The American Society for Virology (ASV) is affiliated with Vaccines and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Immunology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Pharmacology (medical))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
7.8 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
7.4 (2022)
Latest Articles
An Attenuated Vaccine Virus of the Neethling Lineage Protects Cattle against the Virulent Recombinant Vaccine-like Isolate of the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Belonging to the Currently Established Cluster 2.5
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060598 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging transboundary and highly infectious viral disease mainly affecting cattle. The fact that it was initially confined to Africa and then spread beyond its geographical range to other regions, including the Middle East, Turkey, Europe, the Balkans,
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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging transboundary and highly infectious viral disease mainly affecting cattle. The fact that it was initially confined to Africa and then spread beyond its geographical range to other regions, including the Middle East, Turkey, Europe, the Balkans, Russia and Asia, is an indication of the underestimation and neglect of this disease. Vaccination is considered the most effective way to control the spread of LSDV, when combined with other control measures. LSD is now on the rise in Southeast Asia, where the circulating virus belongs to recombinant lineage 2.5. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of an attenuated LSDV strain belonging to the Neethling cluster 1.1 by challenge with a virulent recombinant vaccine-like LSDV isolate “Mongolia/2021” belonging to cluster 2.5. Some of the vaccinated animals showed an increase in body temperature of 1–1.5 °C above the physiological norm, without clinical signs, local reactions, vaccine-induced viremia or generalization, demonstrating the efficacy and safety of the vaccine strain against a recombinant strain. Furthermore, all the vaccinated animals showed strong immune responses, indicating a high level of immunogenicity. However, the control group challenged with “Mongolia/2021” LSD showed moderate to severe clinical signs seen in an outbreak, with high levels of virus shedding in blood samples and nasal swabs. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrate that the attenuated LSDV Neethling strain vaccine has a promising protective phenotype against the circulating strains, suggesting its potential as an effective tool for the containment and control of LSD in affected countries from Southeast Asia.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Insights into the Pathogenesis and Development of Recombinant Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype 3 as a Vaccine
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Jae-Yeon Park, Hye-Mi Lee, Sung-Hoon Jun, Wataru Kamitani, Onnuri Kim and Hyun-Jin Shin
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060597 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, has caused epidemics and severe neurological diseases in Asian countries. In this study, we developed a cDNA infectious clone, pBAC JYJEV3, of the JEV genotype 3 strain (EF571853.1) using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, has caused epidemics and severe neurological diseases in Asian countries. In this study, we developed a cDNA infectious clone, pBAC JYJEV3, of the JEV genotype 3 strain (EF571853.1) using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector. The constructed infectious clone was transfected into Vero cells, where it exhibited infectivity and induced cytopathic effects akin to those of the parent virus. Confocal microscopy confirmed the expression of the JEV envelope protein. Comparative analysis of growth kinetics revealed similar replication dynamics between the parental and recombinant viruses, with peak titers observed 72 h post-infection (hpi). Furthermore, plaque assays demonstrated comparable plaque sizes and morphologies between the viruses. Cryo-electron microscopy confirmed the production of recombinant virus particles with a morphology identical to that of the parent virus. Immunization studies in mice using inactivated parental and recombinant viruses revealed robust IgG responses, with neutralizing antibody production increasing over time. These results showcase the successful generation and characterization of a recombinant JEV3 virus and provide a platform for further investigations into JEV pathogenesis and vaccine development.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Researches on Flavivirus Vaccines II)
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Open AccessArticle
Analysing the Potency of a Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Using Reference Antisera from Heterologous Strains
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Christine Wadey and Steven Rockman
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060596 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
The potency of inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine is harmonised by establishing the haemagglutinin (HA) content using the compendial single radial diffusion (SRD) method. SRD reagents (antigens and antisera) are prepared, calibrated and distributed by regulatory agencies as standards for potency testing, following the
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The potency of inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine is harmonised by establishing the haemagglutinin (HA) content using the compendial single radial diffusion (SRD) method. SRD reagents (antigens and antisera) are prepared, calibrated and distributed by regulatory agencies as standards for potency testing, following the biannual World Health Organization (WHO) announcements of the virus strains suitable for inclusion in the vaccine. The generation of a homologous hyperimmune sheep antiserum constrains the time to vaccine release. This study tests the application of heterologous antisera to determine the potency of influenza vaccine compared to that of a standard homologous antiserum. The results indicate that the selected heterologous sheep antisera directed to seasonal H1N1, H3N2 or B Victoria virus strains can be used to determine the accurate potency of inactivated seasonal influenza vaccines. Individually selected antisera could be useful for two to fourteen seasons. A limitation to the heterologous antiserum approach is the diversity of each individual serum, indicating that the empirical determination of a specific serum is required. This application has the potential to enable the earlier availability of a seasonal vaccine and reduce animal usage.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Influenza Virus Vaccines)
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Open AccessArticle
Immunogenicity and Cross-Protection Efficacy of a Genotype F-Derived Attenuated Virus Vaccine Candidate against Mumps Virus in Mice
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Seo-Yeon Kim, Hyeran Won, Yun-Ho Hwang, Se-Eun Kim, Jung-Ah Lee, Dokeun Kim, You-Jin Kim and Tae-Young Lee
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060595 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) causes an acute contagious human disease characterized by swelling of the parotid glands. Despite the near elimination of mumps in many countries, the disease has recurred, even in vaccinated populations, especially adolescents. Immunization effectivity of the genotype A vaccine strain
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Mumps virus (MuV) causes an acute contagious human disease characterized by swelling of the parotid glands. Despite the near elimination of mumps in many countries, the disease has recurred, even in vaccinated populations, especially adolescents. Immunization effectivity of the genotype A vaccine strain Jeryl Lynn (JL) is declining as genotype A is no longer predominant; therefore, a new vaccine strain and booster vaccine are required. We generated a cell culture-adapted MuV genotype F called F30 and evaluated its immunogenicity and cross-protective activity against diverse genotypes. F30 genome nucleotide sequence determination revealed changes in the NP, L, SH, and HN genes, leading to five amino acid changes compared to a minimally passaged stock (F10). F30 showed delayed growth, smaller plaque size in Vero cells, and lower neurotoxicity in neonatal mice than F10. Furthermore, F30 was immunogenic to other genotypes, including the JL vaccine strain, with higher efficacy than that of JL for homologous and heterologous immunization. Further, F30 exhibited cross-protective immunity against MuV genotypes F and G in Ifnar−/− mice after a third immunization with F30 following two doses of JL. Our data suggest that the live-attenuated virus F30 could be an effective booster vaccine to control breakthrough infections and mumps epidemics.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Vaccines and Antimicrobial Therapy)
Open AccessArticle
Influenza Vaccination of Romanian Medical Students during COVID-19 Times: From Knowledge to Behavior
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Bianca Georgiana Enciu, Andreea Marilena Păuna, Carmen Daniela Chivu, Oana Săndulescu, Anna Crispo, Liliana Veronica Diaconescu, Anca Cristina Drăgănescu, Maria-Dorina Crăciun, Daniela Pițigoi and Victoria Aramă
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060594 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
In Romania, influenza vaccination uptake among healthcare workers decreased over time despite access to the vaccine being constantly improved. The aim of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of the knowledge and attitudes of Dental Medicine and Medicine students towards recommended
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In Romania, influenza vaccination uptake among healthcare workers decreased over time despite access to the vaccine being constantly improved. The aim of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of the knowledge and attitudes of Dental Medicine and Medicine students towards recommended vaccinations for healthcare workers, focusing on influenza vaccination. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the entire 2021–2022 academic year. Data were collected using 2 electronic questionnaires which were applied to the students from the Faculty of Medicine (n = 883) and, respectively, the Faculty of Dental Medicine of the Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. The questionnaires were offered to 1187 students and completed by 911 students (response rate = 77%). Out of these, 85% (n = 778) identified the influenza vaccine as recommended; 35% (n = 321) reported getting an annual influenza vaccination; and 37% (333) reported getting an influenza vaccination in the previous season. Overall, 45% (n = 222) of the respondents who completed the questionnaires from October 2021 to February 2022 reported that they intend to get vaccinated against influenza in the 2021–2022 season and approximately 8% (n = 39) reported that they had already been vaccinated. The multivariable analysis showed that the habit of getting annually vaccinated against influenza as well as the knowledge that influenza vaccine is recommended for all healthcare workers were associated with a higher probability of intending to get vaccinated. The current study emphasizes the need to raise awareness among medical students regarding influenza vaccination and to involve medical education institutions, public health authorities, and healthcare facilities in promoting this vaccination among students since the influenza vaccine uptake rate among medical students included in this study was suboptimal.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Psychobehavioral Responses towards Vaccination)
Open AccessArticle
Risk of Seizure Aggravation after COVID-19 Vaccinations in Patients with Epilepsy
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William C.Y. Leung, Ryan Wui-Hang Ho, Anthony Ka-Long Leung, Florinda Hui-Ning Chu, Cheuk Nam Rachel Lo, Andrian A. Chan, Cheuk Yan Claudia Chan, Desmond Yin Hei Chan, Jacklyn Hoi Ying Chui, Wai Tak Victor Li, Elton Hau Lam Yeung, Kay Cheong Teo, Gary Kui-Kai Lau and Richard Shek-Kwan Chang
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060593 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Although Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations are generally recommended for persons with epilepsy (PwE), a significant vaccination gap remains due to patient concerns over the risk of post-vaccination seizure aggravation (PVSA). In this single-centre, retrospective cohort study, we aimed to determine the early
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Although Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations are generally recommended for persons with epilepsy (PwE), a significant vaccination gap remains due to patient concerns over the risk of post-vaccination seizure aggravation (PVSA). In this single-centre, retrospective cohort study, we aimed to determine the early (7-day) and delayed (30-day) risk of PVSA, and to identify clinical predictors of PVSA among PwE. Adult epilepsy patients aged ≥18 years without a history of COVID-19 infection were recruited from a specialty epilepsy clinic in early 2022. Demographic, epilepsy characteristics, and vaccination data were extracted from a centralized electronic patient record. Seizure frequency before and after vaccination, vaccination-related adverse effects, and reasons for or against vaccination were obtained by a structured questionnaire. A total of 786 PwEs were included, of which 27.0% were drug-resistant. At the time of recruitment, 74.6% had at least 1 dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Subjects with higher seizure frequency (p < 0.0005), on more anti-seizure medications (p = 0.004), or had drug-resistant epilepsy (p = 0.001) were less likely to be vaccinated. No significant increase in seizure frequency was observed in the early (7 days) and delayed phases (30 days) after vaccination in our cohort. On the contrary, there was an overall significant reduction in seizure frequency 30 days after vaccination (1.31 vs. 1.89, t = 3.436; p = 0.001). This difference was seen in both types of vaccine (BNT162b2 and CoronaVac) and drug-resistant epilepsy, but just missed significance for the second dose (1.13 vs. 1.87, t = 1.921; p = 0.055). Only 5.3% had PVSA after either dose of vaccine. Higher pre-vaccination seizure frequency of ≥1 per week (OR 3.01, 95% CI 1.05–8.62; p = 0.04) and drug-resistant status (OR 3.32, 95% CI 1.45–249 7.61; p = 0.005) were predictive of PVSA. Meanwhile, seizure freedom for 3 months before vaccination was independently associated with a lower risk of PVSA (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.04–0.28; p < 0.0005). This may guide epilepsy treatment strategies to achieve better seizure control for at least 3 months prior to vaccination. As COVID-19 shifts to an endemic phase, this study provides important data demonstrating the overall safety of COVID-19 vaccinations among PwE. Identification of high-risk patients with subsequent individualized approaches in treatment and monitoring strategies may alleviate vaccination hesitancy among PwE.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Defining the Nature of Neurological Complications after COVID-19 Vaccines)
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Open AccessArticle
Changes in the Transcriptome Profile in Young Chickens after Infection with LaSota Newcastle Disease Virus
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Taina S. B. Lopes, Jannis Nankemann, Cassandra Breedlove, Andrea Pietruska, Raimundo Espejo, Camila Cuadrado and Ruediger Hauck
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060592 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Understanding gene expression changes in chicks after vaccination against Newcastle Disease (ND) can reveal vaccine biomarkers. There are limited data on chicks’ early immune response after ND vaccination. Two trials focused on this knowledge gap. In experiment one, 42 13-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks
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Understanding gene expression changes in chicks after vaccination against Newcastle Disease (ND) can reveal vaccine biomarkers. There are limited data on chicks’ early immune response after ND vaccination. Two trials focused on this knowledge gap. In experiment one, 42 13-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks were used. Harderian glands (Hgs) and tracheas (Tcs) from five birds per group were sampled at 12, 24, and 48 h post-vaccination (hpv) to evaluate the gene transcription levels by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and RT-qPCR. The results of RNA-seq were compared by glmFTest, while results of RT-qPCR were compared by t-test. With RNA-seq, a significant up-regulation of interferon-related genes along with JAK-STAT signaling pathway regulation was observed in the Hgs at 24 hpv. None of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by RNA-seq were positive for RT-qPCR. Experiment 2 used 112 SPF and commercial chickens that were 1 day old and 14 days old. Only the commercial birds had maternal antibodies for Newcastle Disease virus (NDV). By RNA-seq, 20 core DEGs associated with innate immunity and viral genome replication inhibition were identified. Genes previously unlinked to NDV response, such as USP41, were identified. This research present genes with potential as immunity biomarkers for vaccines, yet further investigation is needed to correlate the core gene expression with viral shedding post-vaccination.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Diseases: Immune Response and Vaccines)
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Open AccessArticle
COVID-19 Vaccination Reporting and Adverse Event Analysis in Taiwan
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Wan-Chung Hu, Sheng-Kang Chiu, Ying-Fei Yang and Sher Singh
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060591 - 29 May 2024
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated an urgent global response in vaccine deployment, achieving over 70.6% global vaccination coverage with at least one dose. This study focuses on Taiwan’s vaccine administration and adverse event reporting, set against a global backdrop. Using data from Taiwan’s Vaccine
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The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated an urgent global response in vaccine deployment, achieving over 70.6% global vaccination coverage with at least one dose. This study focuses on Taiwan’s vaccine administration and adverse event reporting, set against a global backdrop. Using data from Taiwan’s Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) and global vaccination data, this study investigates vaccine safety and the public health implications of vaccination strategies from local and global perspectives. Taiwan’s proactive approach, resulting in high vaccination rates, provides a case study for the monitoring and management of vaccine-related adverse events. This study offers insights into the safety profiles of various COVID-19 vaccines and further explores the implications of adverse event reporting rates for vaccine policy and public health strategies. The comparative analysis reveals that, while vaccination has been effective in controlling the virus’s spread, safety monitoring remains critical for maintaining public trust. It underscores the necessity of enhanced surveillance and the importance of transparent and tailored risk communication to support informed public health decisions. The findings aim to contribute to the global dialogue on vaccine safety, equitable distribution, evidence-based policy-making, and development of mitigation measures with consideration of local demographics in the ongoing fight against COVID-19.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Vaccination, Role of Vaccines and Global Health)
Open AccessReview
Noroviruses: Evolutionary Dynamics, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Advances—A Comprehensive Review
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Cornelius Arome Omatola, Philip Paul Mshelbwala, Martin-Luther Oseni Okolo, Anyebe Bernard Onoja, Joseph Oyiguh Abraham, David Moses Adaji, Sunday Ocholi Samson, Therisa Ojomideju Okeme, Ruth Foluke Aminu, Monday Eneojo Akor, Gideon Ayeni, Danjuma Muhammed, Phoebe Queen Akoh, Danjuma Salisu Ibrahim, Emmanuel Edegbo, Lamidi Yusuf, Helen Ojomachenwu Ocean, Sumaila Ndah Akpala, Oiza Aishat Musa and Andrew Musa Adamu
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060590 - 29 May 2024
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Noroviruses constitute a significant aetiology of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis in human hosts worldwide, especially among young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. The low infectious dose of the virus, protracted shedding in faeces, and the ability to persist in the environment promote
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Noroviruses constitute a significant aetiology of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis in human hosts worldwide, especially among young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. The low infectious dose of the virus, protracted shedding in faeces, and the ability to persist in the environment promote viral transmission in different socioeconomic settings. Considering the substantial disease burden across healthcare and community settings and the difficulty in controlling the disease, we review aspects related to current knowledge about norovirus biology, mechanisms driving the evolutionary trends, epidemiology and molecular diversity, pathogenic mechanism, and immunity to viral infection. Additionally, we discuss the reservoir hosts, intra–inter host dynamics, and potential eco-evolutionary significance. Finally, we review norovirus vaccines in the development pipeline and further discuss the various host and pathogen factors that may complicate vaccine development.
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Open AccessOpinion
The Opportunity Provided by Vaccination Offer to Refugees from Ukraine in European Countries
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Giulia Marchetti, Franca D'Angelo, Caterina Ferrari, Arianna Bellini, Marise Sabato, Salvatore Scarso, Pania Karnaki, Maurizio Marceca, Maria Laura Russo, Maria Elena Tosti and Silvia Declich
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060589 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
(1) The Russian invasion of Ukraine forced many people to leave their country and seek asylum in various European countries, with serious consequences from a health perspective. In this context, we describe the health measures undertaken by AcToVax4NAM Consortium Countries (Cyprus–Germany–Greece–Italy–Malta–Poland–Romania–Spain) to prevent
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(1) The Russian invasion of Ukraine forced many people to leave their country and seek asylum in various European countries, with serious consequences from a health perspective. In this context, we describe the health measures undertaken by AcToVax4NAM Consortium Countries (Cyprus–Germany–Greece–Italy–Malta–Poland–Romania–Spain) to prevent Vaccine-Preventable Disease (VPD) outbreaks in the context of mass movements of populations that resulted from the crisis in Ukraine. (2) We collected information on the vaccinations offered to Ukrainians in the Consortium Countries. (3) All these countries have provided Temporary Protection (TP) status to refugees from Ukraine and have followed the recommendations of European and International Agencies to offer them vaccinations according to the National Immunisation Programmes. The COVID-19 vaccination is offered in all countries with regard to the general population. Most countries provide information on TP and access to health/vaccination services in the Ukrainian language. (4) The information collected shows a common effort to ensure the adequate planning of health and vaccination services for refugees from Ukraine and, very often, to include them in the national vaccination offer. It is important that this initial response towards people who have fled Ukraine will be continued following the emergency but, more importantly, that it serves as a best practice towards all migrants and refugees entering the EU.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination Strategies for Global Public Health)
Open AccessArticle
A Nasal Vaccine Candidate, Containing Three Antigenic Regions from SARS-CoV-2, to Induce a Broader Response
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Yadira Lobaina, Rong Chen, Edith Suzarte, Panchao Ai, Alexis Musacchio, Yaqin Lan, Glay Chinea, Changyuan Tan, Ricardo Silva, Gerardo Guillen, Ke Yang, Wen Li, Yasser Perera and Lisset Hermida
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060588 - 28 May 2024
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A chimeric protein, formed by two fragments of the conserved nucleocapsid (N) and S2 proteins from SARS-CoV-2, was obtained as a recombinant construct in Escherichia coli. The N fragment belongs to the C-terminal domain whereas the S2 fragment spans the fibre structure
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A chimeric protein, formed by two fragments of the conserved nucleocapsid (N) and S2 proteins from SARS-CoV-2, was obtained as a recombinant construct in Escherichia coli. The N fragment belongs to the C-terminal domain whereas the S2 fragment spans the fibre structure in the post-fusion conformation of the spike protein. The resultant protein, named S2NDH, was able to form spherical particles of 10 nm, which forms aggregates upon mixture with the CpG ODN-39M. Both preparations were recognized by positive COVID-19 human sera. The S2NDH + ODN-39M formulation administered by the intranasal route resulted highly immunogenic in Balb/c mice. It induced cross-reactive anti-N humoral immunity in both sera and bronchoalveolar fluids, under a Th1 pattern. The cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was also broad, with positive response even against the N protein of SARS-CoV-1. However, neither neutralizing antibodies (NAb) nor CMI against the S2 region were obtained. As alternative, the RBD protein was included in the formulation as inducer of NAb. Upon evaluation in mice by the intranasal route, a clear adjuvant effect was detected for the S2NDH + ODN-39M preparation over RBD. High levels of NAb were induced against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1. The bivalent formulation S2NDH + ODN-39M + RBD, administered by the intranasal route, constitutes an attractive proposal as booster vaccine of sarbecovirus scope.
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Open AccessArticle
Long Prime–Boost Interval and Heightened Anti-GD2 Antibody Response to Carbohydrate Cancer Vaccine
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Irene Y. Cheung, Audrey Mauguen, Shakeel Modak, Ellen M. Basu, Yi Feng, Brian H. Kushner and Nai Kong Cheung
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060587 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The carbohydrate ganglioside GD2/GD3 cancer vaccine adjuvanted by β-glucan stimulates anti-GD2 IgG1 antibodies that strongly correlate with improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) among patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. Thirty-two patients who relapsed on the vaccine (first enrollment) were re-treated on the
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The carbohydrate ganglioside GD2/GD3 cancer vaccine adjuvanted by β-glucan stimulates anti-GD2 IgG1 antibodies that strongly correlate with improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) among patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. Thirty-two patients who relapsed on the vaccine (first enrollment) were re-treated on the same vaccine protocol (re-enrollment). Titers during the first enrollment peaked by week 32 at 751 ± 270 ng/mL, which plateaued despite vaccine boosts at 1.2–4.5 month intervals. After a median wash-out interval of 16.1 months from the last vaccine dose during the first enrollment to the first vaccine dose during re-enrollment, the anti-GD2 IgG1 antibody rose to a peak of 4066 ± 813 ng/mL by week 3 following re-enrollment (p < 0.0001 by the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test). Yet, these peaks dropped sharply and continually despite repeated boosts at 1.2–4.5 month intervals, before leveling off by week 20 to the first enrollment peak levels. Despite higher antibody titers, patients experienced no pain or neuropathic side effects, which were typically associated with immunotherapy using monoclonal anti-GD2 antibodies. By the Kaplan–Meier method, PFS was estimated to be 51%, and OS was 81%. The association between IgG1 titer during re-enrollment and β-glucan receptor dectin-1 SNP rs3901533 was significant (p = 0.01). A longer prime–boost interval could significantly improve antibody responses in patients treated with ganglioside conjugate cancer vaccines.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination)
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Open AccessReview
How to Accelerate Early Stage of Malaria Vaccine Development by Optimizing Functional Assays
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Kazutoyo Miura
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060586 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
While two Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein-based pre-erythrocytic vaccines (PEV), RTS,S and R21, have been approved by the WHO, no blood-stage vaccine (BSV) or transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV) has reached a phase 3 trial. One of the major obstacles that slows down malaria vaccine development
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While two Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein-based pre-erythrocytic vaccines (PEV), RTS,S and R21, have been approved by the WHO, no blood-stage vaccine (BSV) or transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV) has reached a phase 3 trial. One of the major obstacles that slows down malaria vaccine development is the shortage (or lack) of in vitro assays or animal models by which investigators can reasonably select the best vaccine formulation (e.g., antigen, adjuvant, or platform) and/or immunization strategy (e.g., interval of inoculation or route of immunization) before a human phase 2 trial. In the case of PEV, RTS,S and R21 have set a benchmark, and a new vaccine can be compared with (one of) the approved PEV directly in preclinical or early clinical studies. However, such an approach cannot be utilized for BSV or TBV development at this moment. The focus of this review is in vitro assays or in vivo models that can be used for P. falciparum BSV or TBV development, and I discuss important considerations during assay selection, standardization, qualification, validation, and interpretation of the assay results. Establishment of a robust assay/model with proper interpretation of the results is the one of key elements to accelerate future vaccine development.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Malaria Vaccines: From Vaccine Candidate Discovery to Clinical Trials)
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Open AccessSystematic Review
Evaluating Scope and Bias of Population-Level Measles Serosurveys: A Systematized Review and Bias Assessment
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Alyssa N. Sbarra, Felicity T. Cutts, Han Fu, Ishu Poudyal, Dale A. Rhoda, Jonathan F. Mosser and Mark Jit
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060585 - 28 May 2024
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Background: Measles seroprevalence data have potential to be a useful tool for understanding transmission dynamics and for decision making efforts to strengthen immunization programs. In this study, we conducted a systematized review and bias assessment of all primary data on measles seroprevalence in
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Background: Measles seroprevalence data have potential to be a useful tool for understanding transmission dynamics and for decision making efforts to strengthen immunization programs. In this study, we conducted a systematized review and bias assessment of all primary data on measles seroprevalence in low- and middle-income countries (as defined by World Bank 2021 income classifications) published from 1962 to 2021. Methods: On 9 March 2022, we searched PubMed for all available data. We included studies containing primary data on measles seroprevalence and excluded studies if they were clinical trials or brief reports, from only health-care workers, suspected measles cases, or only vaccinated persons. We extracted all available information on measles seroprevalence, study design, and seroassay protocol. We conducted a bias assessment based on multiple categories and classified each study as having low, moderate, severe, or critical bias. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022326075). Results: We identified 221 relevant studies across all World Health Organization regions, decades, and unique age ranges. The overall crude mean seroprevalence across all studies was 78.0% (SD: 19.3%), and the median seroprevalence was 84.0% (IQR: 72.8–91.7%). We classified 80 (36.2%) studies as having severe or critical overall bias. Studies from country-years with lower measles vaccine coverage or higher measles incidence had higher overall bias. Conclusions: While many studies have substantial underlying bias, many studies still provide some insights or data that could be used to inform modelling efforts to examine measles dynamics and programmatic decisions to reduce measles susceptibility.
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Open AccessArticle
Timing of Assessment of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity after Influenza Vaccination
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Naruhito Otani, Kazuhiko Nakajima, Kumiko Yamada, Kaori Ishikawa, Kaoru Ichiki, Takashi Ueda, Yoshio Takesue, Takuma Yamamoto, Satoshi Higasa, Susumu Tanimura, Yuta Inai and Toshiomi Okuno
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060584 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Assessment of the immune response to influenza vaccines should include an assessment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding the timing of immunological assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immunity after vaccination. Therefore, we investigated the timing
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Assessment of the immune response to influenza vaccines should include an assessment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding the timing of immunological assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immunity after vaccination. Therefore, we investigated the timing of immunological assessments after vaccination using markers of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. In the 2018/2019 influenza season, blood was collected from 29 healthy adults before and after vaccination with a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, and we performed serial measurements of humoral immunity (hemagglutination inhibition [HAI] and neutralizing antibody [NT]) and cell-mediated immunity (interferon-gamma [IFN-γ]). The HAI and NT titers before and after vaccination were strongly correlated, but no correlation was observed between the markers of cell-mediated and humoral immunity. The geometric mean titer and geometric mean concentration of humoral and cellular immune markers increased within 2 weeks after vaccination and had already declined by 8 weeks. This study suggests that the optimal time to assess the immune response is 2 weeks after vaccination. Appropriately timed immunological assessments can help ensure that vaccination is effective.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Correlates of Protection in Vaccines)
Open AccessReview
Feasibility of Using a Type I IFN-Based Non-Animal Approach to Predict Vaccine Efficacy and Safety Profiles
by
Hanin Abdel-Haq
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060583 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Animal-based tests are used for the control of vaccine quality. However, because highly purified and safe vaccines are now available, alternative approaches that can replace or reduce animal use for the assessment of vaccine outcomes must be established. In vitro tests for vaccine
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Animal-based tests are used for the control of vaccine quality. However, because highly purified and safe vaccines are now available, alternative approaches that can replace or reduce animal use for the assessment of vaccine outcomes must be established. In vitro tests for vaccine quality control exist and have already been implemented. However, these tests are specifically designed for some next-generation vaccines, and this makes them not readily available for testing other vaccines. Therefore, universal non-animal tests are still needed. Specific signatures of the innate immune response could represent a promising approach to predict the outcome of vaccines by non-animal methods. Type I interferons (IFNs) have multiple immunomodulatory activities, which are exerted through effectors called interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), and are one of the most important immune signatures that might provide potential candidate molecular biomarkers for this purpose. This paper will mainly examine if this idea might be feasible by analyzing all relevant published studies that have provided type I IFN-related biomarkers for evaluating the safety and efficacy profiles of vaccines using an advanced transcriptomic approach as an alternative to the animal methods. Results revealed that such an approach could potentially provide biomarkers predictive of vaccine outcomes after addressing some limitations.
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(This article belongs to the Section Vaccine Efficacy and Safety)
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Open AccessArticle
Possible Changes and Trends in Non-COVID-19 Vaccine-Prescribing Patterns before and during COVID-19 Pandemic
by
Shirie van Rooyen, Martie Lubbe, Irma Kotze and Nkengafac Villyen Motaze
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060582 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many children missed their routine vaccinations globally. There is insufficient evidence on the trends in vaccination coverage in the private healthcare sector in South Africa. This study explored the changes in childhood vaccination patterns (non-COVID vaccines) in the
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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many children missed their routine vaccinations globally. There is insufficient evidence on the trends in vaccination coverage in the private healthcare sector in South Africa. This study explored the changes in childhood vaccination patterns (non-COVID vaccines) in the private healthcare sector in South Africa using medicine claim data. Using the information on medication claims from a South African pharmaceutical benefit management (PBM) company, we performed a quantitative cross-sectional analysis comparing the period before (2018–2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2021). All patients who made claims within the study period were included. This study included 67,830 children aged two years and younger. In particular, from 2018 to 2021, boys (52%) outnumbered girls (48%). Pharmacists consistently held the predominant prescriber role before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportion of children receiving non-COVID-19 vaccines was higher before the pandemic (60%) than during the pandemic (55%). Furthermore, there was a notable decline of 5% in measles vaccination rates during the children’s first year of life, while a notable increase was observed for measles (5%), hepatitis A (7.7%), and the pentavalent vaccine (5%) during the second year of life. Governments and private healthcare providers must take action to enhance vaccination coverage rates for children in their first year of life to prevent a resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases. The results obtained in this study underscore the significance of implementing vaccine catch-up campaigns to address missed vaccination opportunities arising from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, pharmacists emerged as the predominant healthcare providers responsible for administering vaccinations within the private healthcare sector in South Africa, both prior and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their pivotal role in the vaccination process warrants due recognition and should not be underestimated.
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Open AccessArticle
Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic: Interpreting Vaccination Strategies in a Nationwide Demographic Study
by
Igor Age Kos, Faissal Nemer Hajar, Gustavo Sarot Pereira da Cunha, Claudia Corte, Luisa Augusto Furlan, André Santa Maria, Douglas Valverde, Bárbara Emoingt Furtado, Miguel Morita Fernandes-Silva and Valderilio Feijó Azevedo
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060581 - 26 May 2024
Abstract
Objective: Brazil was strongly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Its continental dimension and socio-demographic characteristics pose challenges to distribution and accessibility, making vaccination programs challenging. The objectives of the study were to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of the general population vaccinated
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Objective: Brazil was strongly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Its continental dimension and socio-demographic characteristics pose challenges to distribution and accessibility, making vaccination programs challenging. The objectives of the study were to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of the general population vaccinated against COVID-19 by October 2021 and analyze the strategies implemented during the vaccination program. Study design and setting: A retrospective nationwide study that analyzed data from the OpenDataSUS platform of the Informatics Department of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (DataSUS), which contains information from all individuals in Brazil who have received at least one dose of any vaccine against COVID-19 approved by the National Health Agency (ANVISA) from 17 January to 3 October 2021. Results: Until 3 October, a total of 146,254,578 persons (68.6 per 100 inhabitants) received at least one dose of a vaccine in Brazil. The north and northeast regions had the lowest vaccination rates compared with the remaining regions (North: 56.8, Northeast: 62.0, South: 74.4, and Southeast: 73.2 per 100 inhabitants). Elderly individuals had the highest vaccination rates, particularly those above 70 years old. Heterologous dosing regimens were administered to 1,063,079 individuals (0.7% of those receiving the first dose). Conclusions: The COVID-19 vaccination program reached more than two-thirds of the population in Brazil by 9 months after its start, but the vaccination coverage was heterogeneous, reflecting the country’s geographic and socio-demographic characteristics. Establishing priority groups for vaccination was a main characteristic of the vaccination strategy. In addition, technology transfer agreements have played an important role in increasing vaccine accessibility.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination Strategies for Global Public Health)
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Open AccessArticle
A Combined LC-MS and Immunoassay Approach to Characterize Preservative-Induced Destabilization of Human Papillomavirus Virus-like Particles Adsorbed to an Aluminum-Salt Adjuvant
by
Ria T. Caringal, John M. Hickey, Nitya Sharma, Kaushal Jerajani, Oluwadara Bewaji, Sarah Brendle, Neil Christensen, Saurabh Batwal, Mustafa Mahedvi, Harish Rao, Vikas Dogar, Rahul Chandrasekharan, Umesh Shaligram, Sangeeta B. Joshi and David B. Volkin
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060580 - 26 May 2024
Abstract
During the multi-dose formulation development of recombinant vaccine candidates, protein antigens can be destabilized by antimicrobial preservatives (APs). The degradation mechanisms are often poorly understood since available analytical tools are limited due to low protein concentrations and the presence of adjuvants. In this
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During the multi-dose formulation development of recombinant vaccine candidates, protein antigens can be destabilized by antimicrobial preservatives (APs). The degradation mechanisms are often poorly understood since available analytical tools are limited due to low protein concentrations and the presence of adjuvants. In this work, we evaluate different analytical approaches to monitor the structural integrity of HPV16 VLPs adsorbed to Alhydrogel™ (AH) in the presence and absence of APs (i.e., destabilizing m-cresol, MC, or non-destabilizing chlorobutanol, CB) under accelerated conditions (pH 7.4, 50 °C). First, in vitro potency losses displayed only modest correlations with the results from two commonly used methods of protein analysis (SDS-PAGE, DSC). Next, results from two alternative analytical approaches provided a better understanding of physicochemical events occurring under these same conditions: (1) competitive ELISA immunoassays with a panel of mAbs against conformational and linear epitopes on HPV16 VLPs and (2) LC-MS peptide mapping to evaluate the accessibility/redox state of the 12 cysteine residues within each L1 protein comprising the HPV16 VLP (i.e., with 360 L1 proteins per VLP, there are 4320 Cys residues per VLP). These methods expand the limited analytical toolset currently available to characterize AH-adsorbed antigens and provide additional insights into the molecular mechanism(s) of AP-induced destabilization of vaccine antigens.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Vaccine Adjuvants and Formulation)
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Open AccessReview
A Review of Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines: From Monovalent to Multivalent Formulations
by
Gui Qian, Cuige Gao, Miaomiao Zhang, Yuanxin Chen and Liangzhi Xie
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060579 - 25 May 2024
Abstract
The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic, has profoundly impacted global healthcare systems and the trajectory of economic advancement. As nations grapple with the far-reaching consequences of this unprecedented health crisis, the administration of
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The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic, has profoundly impacted global healthcare systems and the trajectory of economic advancement. As nations grapple with the far-reaching consequences of this unprecedented health crisis, the administration of COVID-19 vaccines has proven to be a pivotal strategy in managing this crisis. Protein-based vaccines have garnered significant attention owing to their commendable safety profile and precise immune targeting advantages. Nonetheless, the unpredictable mutations and widespread transmission of SARS-CoV-2 have posed challenges for vaccine developers and governments worldwide. Monovalent and multivalent vaccines represent two strategies in COVID-19 vaccine development, with ongoing controversy surrounding their efficacy. This review concentrates on the development of protein-based COVID-19 vaccines, specifically addressing the transition from monovalent to multivalent formulations, and synthesizes data on vaccine manufacturers, antigen composition, pivotal clinical study findings, and other features that shape their distinct profiles and overall effectiveness. Our hypothesis is that multivalent vaccine strategies for COVID-19 could offer enhanced capability with broad-spectrum protection.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Special Issue Series—Measuring Neutralizing Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Infectious Diseases)
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Advances in Human Pathogen Control—a 21st Century Challenge 2.0
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